Reducción de metano in vitro con el glucósido cianogénico Linamarina / Reduction of in vitro methane with the cyanogenic glucoside Linamarin

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de dosis crecientes del glucósido cianogénico Linamarina, en la reducción de metano ruminal in vitro. Materiales y Métodos. Se empleó líquido ruminal de dos ovejas fistuladas de la raza Merino Precoz, con el que se inoculó un sustrato fermentativo constituido por heno de alfalfa (Medicago sativa) y grano de avena molido (Avena sativa L.), se adicionó solución buffer y Linamarina (pureza de ≥98%) en dosis crecientes, lo que se llevó a incubación por ocho horas in vitro. El metano se midió cada hora, con un monitor de gases infrarrojo. Resultados. De acuerdo con el incremento de las dosis de Linamarina (0, 6, 13, 20 y 26 mg/L), la concentración de metano disminuyó de forma lineal (p≤0.05) en (9.7, 9.2, 18.1 y 29.4%) respectivamente. Se observó una reducción significativa de metano con la dosis más alta de Linamarina. Conclusión. La Linamarina, en su estado puro, fue eficaz en la reducción de metano durante la fermentación ruminal in vitro. Por lo tanto, este estudio constituye una base para futuros experimentos que incluyan fuentes vegetales de Linamarina y otras variables ruminales, lo que puede conducir a encontrar estrategias para reducir los gases de efecto invernadero.

ABSTRACT Objective. To assess the effect of rising doses of the cyanogenic glucoside Linamarin on the reduction of in vitro rumen methane. Materials and methods. Rumen fluid from two fistulated Merino Precoz sheep, inoculated with a fermentation substrate comprising alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa) and ground oat grain (Avena sativa L.), and added with buffer solution and Linamarin (purity ≥98%) in rising doses, was incubated for eight hours in vitro. Methane was measured each hour with an infrared gas monitor. Results. According Linamarin doses were increased (0, 6, 13, 20 and 26 mg/L), the methane concentration fell in a linear manner (p≤0.05) by (9.7, 9.2, 18.1 and 29.4%), respectively. A significant reduction of methane was seen whit the highest dose of Linamarin. Conclusions. Linamarin, in pure state, was effective to reduce methane during in vitro ruminal fermentation. Therefore, this study constitutes a basis for future experiments including vegetable sources of Linamarin as well as other rumen variables, leading to find a strategy for reducing greenhouse gases.

Empiema subdural secundario a sinusitis: reporte de caso / Subdural empyema secondary to sinusitis: case report

El empiema subdural es una complicación intracraneana secundaria a sinusitis bacteriana poco frecuente que ocurre generalmenteen varones entre la segunda y tercera década de la vida. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino, de 16 años, sinantecedentes, asintomático. Ingresa por cefalea frontoparietal izquierda intensa, compromiso cualitativo de conciencia, calofríos,fiebre y vómitos, sin focalidad neurológica ni signos meníngeos. Resonancia magnética de cerebro muestra colección líquida subduralinterhemisférica en región frontoparietal izquierda que desplaza línea media y sinusitis aguda frontoetmoidomaxilar ipsilateral.Se realiza craniectomía frontoparietal, drenaje quirúrgico y tratamiento antibiótico triasociado intravenoso. Paciente evolucionacon desaparición de síntomas y sin secuelas neurológicas. La clínica del empiema subdural es inespecífica, encontrándose másfrecuentemente cefalea, vómitos, fiebre y compromiso de conciencia. Las imágenes son esenciales para confirmar el diagnósticoy determinar la necesidad de cirugía. Es una patología, cuyo manejo debe ser médico y quirúrgico, comprendiendo drenaje dela colección y terapia antimicrobiana intravenosa. La duración del tratamiento se ha descrito de 3 a 6 semanas. Es necesario unabordaje multidisciplinario precoz para un buen resultado neurológico y funcional, ya que la morbimortalidad se describe hastaun 40%.

The subdural empyema secondary to sinusitis is a rare intracranial complication, which occurs mostly in males in the secondto third decade. We present a case of a 16 years old male patient, without medical history. He is hospitalized for a frontparietalprogressive headache, associated with decreased of consciousness, chills, fever and vomiting, without neurological deficit andmeningeal signs. The magnetic resonance imaging reveals a subdural interhemispheric liquid collection in the left frontparietal regionwith deviation of midline brain structures and left acute frontethmoidmaxilary sinusitis. Craniotomy and surgical drainage withintravenous antibiotic treatment was made. The symptoms dissapear after this and no neurological sequelae was found. The clinicalmanifestation of subdural empyema are inespecific. The more frecuent symptoms are headache, vomit, fever and decreasedof consciousness. The imaging study is essential to diagnose and evaluate the surgical need. The subdural empyema is pathologywith a medical and surgical management; wich involves collection drainage and intravenous antibiotic therapy. It is been describedthat the treatment duration will be prolonged for 3 to 6 weeks. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary for a better neurologicaland functional outcome, because the mortality rates are described up to 40%.

Paraparesia secundaria a hidatidosis paravertebral / Paraparesis secondary to paravertebral hidatidosis

La hidatidosis es una zoonosis causada por la fase larval del Echinoccocus. Afecta principalmente a la región mediterránea, Sudamérica, África, Medio-Oriente, Australia y Nueva Zelanda. Afecta principalmente al hígado y al pulmón, aunque puede comprometer cualquier parte del cuerpo ya sea, por inoculación primaria o diseminación secundaria. Se presenta el caso de paciente de 54 años, sexo masculino, con antecedentes de hidatidosis pulmonar izquierda y abdominal subdiafragmática, diagnosticada hace 33 años. Ingresa por cuadro de paraparesia progresiva de extremidades inferiores, disminución de sensibilidad a la altura de T12 y lumbalgia sin otros signos ni síntomas asociados. La Tomografía axial computada mostró lesión tumoral paravertebral izquierda con signos de infiltración y destrucción de costilla y vértebra T12 a nivel de lámina y pediculo izquierdo, junto con lesión de 12 cm paravertebral anterior, con ingreso de quiste a lúmen aórtico, entre T4 y T6. Resonancia nuclear magnética muestra invasión hacia canal medular con signos de compresión. Se realizó laminectomía descompresiva con evacuación de vesículas. La evolución posterior es satisfactoria con recuperación de su paraparesia, logrando la bipedestación a los pocos días. Si bien el compromiso vertebral es raro, este se puede manifestar con dolor y síntomas secundarios a la compresión medular como paraparesia o paraplejia, déficit sensorial, reflejos osteotendíneos alterados, disfunción esfintérica y síndrome de cauda equina. Imágenes como tomografía axial computada y resonancia nuclear magnética, son necesarias para un efectivo diagnóstico y monitorización de la hidatidosis. El tratamiento de elección es la descompresión quirúrgica asociado a antihelmínticos para evitar la recurrencia.

The hydatid disease is a zoonoses caused by Echinoccocus’s larvae stage. The most affected regions are Meditarranea, South America, Africa, Mid West, Australia and New Zealand. Mostly infects the liver and the lungs, but any part of the body can be affected, by primary inoculation or dissemination. We present a case of a 54 years old, male patient, with 33 years history of pulmonary and abdominal hydatid disease. He is hospitalized for progressive paraparesia of lower limbs, paresthesia T12 root nerve and low back pain. Without any other symptoms. The CT scan shows a left paravertebral mass with infiltration signs and destruction of T12 vertebra and rib, and a 12 cm anterior paravertebral tumor with aorta invasion. Magnetic resonance imaging shows invasion of the spinal canal. Descompressive laminectomy was made with evacuation of the vesicles. Patient shows a satisfactory evolution, with a complete recovery of paresthesia and be able to walk. The vertebral hydatid disease is rare, but can be manifested by pain and medular compression symptoms, such a paraparesia, paresthesis, altered tendon reflexes, sphincter dysfunction and cauda equina syndrome. Imaging such a CT scan and Magnetic resonance imaging, are necesary for an effective diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. The treatment of choice is the surgical descompression with the use of antihelminthics in order to prevent the recurrence.

Overexpression of hsa-miR-125b during osteoblastic differentiation does not influence levels of Runx2, osteopontin, and ALPL gene expression

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were first isolated from bone marrow and then from various adult tissues including placenta, cord blood, deciduous teeth, and amniotic fluid. MSCs are defined or characterized by their ability to adhere to plastic, to express specific surface antigens, and to differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, and myogenic lineages. Although the molecular mechanisms that control MSC proliferation and differentiation are not well understood, the involvement of microRNAs has been reported. In the present study, we investigated the role of miR-125b during osteoblastic differentiation in humans. We found that miR-125b increased during osteoblastic differentiation, as well as Runx2 and ALPL genes. To study whether the gain or loss of miR-125b function influenced osteoblastic differentiation, we transfected MSCs with pre-miR-125b or anti-miR-125b and cultured the transfected cells in an osteoblastic differentiation medium. After transfection, no change was observed in osteoblastic differentiation, and Runx2, OPN, and ALPL gene expression were not changed. These results suggest that the gain or loss of miR-125b function does not influence levels of Runx2, OPN, and ALPL during osteoblastic differentiation.

Relación de los niveles plasmáticos de proteína C reactiva con infección y edema en la cirugía de los terceros molares retenidos / Relation between CRP levels as indicator of postoperative infection and edema after third molar impacted surgery

La proteína C reactiva (CRP) por sus siglas en inglés) es una proteína de fase aguda que se utiliza para el seguimiento de enfermedades inflamatorias tales como artritis reumatoidea, lupus eritematoso o vasculitis y procesos infecciosos tales como sepsis y septicemia; así como también, para evaluar la eficacia de las drogas antiinflamatorias y antimicrobianas indicadas en el tratamiento de estas patologías. Igualmente se ha asociado a daño tisular en diversas especialidades quirúrgicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar los niveles plasmáticos de CRP con la infección y el edema posterior a la cirugía de los terceros molares. A tal efecto se evaluaron 60 pacientes, distribuidos en 3 grupos A, B y C bajo antibioticoterapia profiláctica con Clindamicina (A: dosis única de 600 mg, B: 300 mg c/6h por 5 días y C: Placebo) y terapia analgésica y antiinflamatoria (Ibuprofeno 400mg c/6h por 3 días). A quienes se tomaron muestras de sangre antes y a las 72 horas de la odontectomía de los terceros molares y fotografías digitales para calcular el área de inflamación. No se demostró la relación de los niveles de CRP con infección ya que ningún paciente presentó proceso infeccioso pero si se demostró la relación cualitativa (sensibilidad) de CRP y cuantitativa mediante correlación de Spearman (p<0,05) ya que mientras mayor fue el área de la inflamación, mayores fueron los niveles plasmáticos de CRP

The C reactive protein (CRP) is an unspecific acute phase reaction used for the follow-up of such inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or vasculitis and such infectious processes like sepsis; as well as also, to evaluate the efficiency of the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs indicated in the treatment of this pathologies. Equally it has associated to tissue damage in diverse surgical specialties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between CRP levels as indicator of postoperative infection and edema after third molar surgery. We evaluated 60 patients distributed in three groups A, B and C under antibiotic prophylaxis with Clindamycin (A: single dosis 600 mgs, B: 300 mgs each 6/h by 5 days and C: placebo) and analgesic and anti-inflammatory therapy with Ibuprofen 400 mg. each 6/h by 3 days. Who were taken blood samples to measure the CRP before and 72 hours after surgery and digital photographs to calculate the edema area. We did not demonstrated relation between CRP and infection because no one patient was infected in any group but we demonstrated (By Searman (p<0,05) the value of CRP as indicator of edema in the third molar surgery

Prurito neuropático / Neuropathic pruritus

El prurito neuropático es una forma patológica de prurito, donde la curva estímulo-respuesta que rige la sensación normal se ha distorsionado y la sensación de prurito está fuera de proporción o incluso completamente independiente de los estímulos pruritogénicos. Al igual que el dolor neuropático, el prurito neuropático aún es poco conocido, a pesar de los avances en la comprensión de los mecanismos de éste. La causa del prurito neuropático puede ser extremadamente difícil de precisar. El tratamiento eficaz requiere de la identificación anatómica y etiológica del problema neurológico y la instauración de un tratamiento modificador de la enfermedad. En algunos casos, esto puede ser neuroquirúrgico. El prurito neuropático no suele responder a antihistamínicos, esteroides tópicos u otros medicamentos eficaces para tratar el prurito convencional. Por otra parte, al igual que otros síntomas neurológicos, el prurito puede indicar un problema neurológico potencialmente grave que puede necesitar tratamiento rehabilitador.

Neuropathic Pruritus is a pathological form of itching, where stimulus-response curve governing normal sensation, has been distorted and itching sensation is out of proportion or even completely independent pruritogenic stimuli. As neuropathic pain, neuropathic pruritus is still poorly understood, despite advances in understanding the mechanisms thereof. The cause of neuropathic itch can be extremely difficult to pinpoint. Effective treatment requires identification of anatomical and etiological neurological problem, and the establishment of a disease-modifying treatment. In some cases, this may be neurosurgical. The neuropathic pruritus not usually respond to antihistamines, topical steroids or other effective drugs to treat itching conventional. Moreover, like other neurological symptoms, pruritus may indicate a potentially serious neurological problem that may need rehabilitation treatment.

Guía para definición y manejo del dolor neuropático localizado (DNL): consenso chileno / Guidelines for definition and management of localized neuropathic pain (LNP): Chilean consensus

En los últimos años, diversas Guías para el Manejo del Dolor Neuropático (DN) se han elaborado por grupos de expertos en Dolor. La Asociación Chilena para el Estudio del Dolor (ACHED), representada por diversos especialistas, se reunió los días 5 y6 de agosto para elaborar la “Guía para Definición y Manejo del Dolor Neuropático Localizado (DNL): Consenso Chileno”.Utilizando el Método Delphi, se establecieron consensos con respecto a la entidad Dolor Neuropático Localizado (DNL), tanto en su Definición, Diagnóstico, Manejo Farmacológico y No Farmacológico, constituyendo de este modo, cuatro (4) grupos de trabajo; se establecieron asimismo comisiones para Dolor Pediátrico y Procedimientos Intervencionistas. Los principales resultados permiten contar con una definición clara de DNL, innovaciones en su diagnóstico, algoritmos sencillos para su manejo y recomendaciones no farmacológicas de importancia. Esta Guía para la Definición, Diagnóstico y Manejo del DNL será una herramienta de mucha utilidad en la práctica clínica, especialmente para los médicos generales y para la conformación de equipos multidisciplinarios para la mejor atención de los pacientes de DNL. El Consenso, luego de revisar evidencias y por la experiencia clínica de los expertos, recomiendan las terapias tópicas como las más indicadas en tratamiento del DNL.

In recent years, several Guidelines for the Management of Neuropathic Pain (NP) have been developed by groups that specialize in pain. The Chilean Association for the Study of Pain (ACHED), represented by different specialists, met on the5th and 6th of August to develop the Guidelines for Definition and Management of Localized Neuropathic Pain (LNP): Chilean Consensus”. Using the Delphi method, a series of consensus have been established regarding the Localized Neuropathic Pain (LNP) entity, both in its definition, diagnosis, pharmacological and non pharmacological management, thus constituting four (4) workgroups; committees were also established for pediatric pain and interventional procedures. The main results allow us to have a clear definition of LPN, innovations in its diagnosis, simple algorithms for its management and important non-pharmacological recommendations. The Guidelines for Definition and Management of the LNP will be a very useful tool in clinical practice, especially for general practitioners and for the formation of multidisciplinary teams to improve healthcare for LNP patients. The Consensus, after reviewing evidence and clinical experience, recommends topical therapies as the most appropriate treatment in LPN.

Mesenchymal stem cells from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia do not express BCR-ABL and have absence of chimerism after allogeneic bone marrow transplant

Bone marrow is a heterogeneous cell population which includes hematopoietic and mesenchymal progenitor cells. Dysregulated hematopoiesis occurs in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), being caused at least in part by abnormalities in the hematopoietic progenitors. However, the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in CML has not been well characterized. The objectives of the present study were to observe the biological characteristics of MSCs from CML patients and to determine if MSCs originate in part from donors in CML patients after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We analyzed MSCs from 5 untreated patients and from 3 CML patients after sex-mismatched allogeneic BMT. Flow cytometry analysis revealed the typical MSC phenotype and in vitro assays showed ability to differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts. Moreover, although some RT-PCR data were contradictory, combined fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed that MSCs from CML patients do not express the bcr-abl gene. Regarding MSCs of donor origin, although it is possible to detect Y target sequence by nested PCR, the low frequency (0.14 and 0.34 percent) of XY cells in 2 MSC CML patients by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis suggests the presence of contaminant hematopoietic cells and the absence of host-derived MSCs in CML patients. Therefore, we conclude that MSCs from CML patients express the typical MSC phenotype, can differentiate into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages and do not express the bcr-abl gene. MSCs cannot be found in recipients 12 to 20 months after BMT. The influence of MSCs on the dysregulation of hematopoiesis in CML patients deserves further investigation.

Isolation and culture of umbilical vein mesenchymal stem cells

Bone marrow contains a population of stem cells that can support hematopoiesis and can differentiate into different cell lines including adipocytes, osteocytes, chondrocytes, myocytes, astrocytes, and tenocytes. These cells have been denoted mesenchymal stem cells. In the present study we isolated a cell population derived from the endothelium and subendothelium of the umbilical cord vein which possesses morphological, immunophenotypical and cell differentiation characteristics similar to those of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from bone marrow. The cells were isolated from three umbilical cords after treatment of the umbilical vein lumen with collagenase. The cell population isolated consisted of adherent cells with fibroblastoid morphology which, when properly stimulated, gave origin to adipocytes and osteocytes in culture. Immunophenotypically, this cell population was found to be positive for the CD29, CD13, CD44, CD49e, CD54, CD90 and HLA-class 1 markers and negative for CD45, CD14, glycophorin A, HLA-DR, CD51/61, CD106, and CD49d. The characteristics described are the same as those presented by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that the umbilical cord obtained from term deliveries is an important source of mesenchymal stem cells that could be used in cell therapy protocols